科学论文写作与发表：分类句式用语

llcok_cn · 发表于 2010-6-6 12:41:20

科学论文写作与发表：分类句式用语

            胡庚申  申云桢
（清华大学外语系，  北京 100084）

一、引  言
科学论文的写作在常用句型、用语方面有一定的规律可循。掌握这些基本规律，写作论
文时可收到事半功倍的效果。那么，常用的句型、句式怎样分类比较科学?通常用到的句式
为哪些类型?各种类型又有哪些基本表达方法? 所有这些问题，都拟在本文内例述和研讨。
为什么要掌握分类句式用语呢？因为，首先，这有利于避免不必要的重复。许多有用
的句型，通常出现在科学论文的不同部分，如表示研究目的用语，不仅在论文摘要中用到，
而且在引言、讨论、甚至结论等部分都会用到。如果我们在讲述怎样写作各部分时都列举类
似的用语，势必造成重复、赘述。现在把它们集中起来分类例述，就能避免不必要的重复。
   其次，掌握分类句式用语有利于比较地道、规范的英语表达。把英美人写作论文时的句
式用语集中地进行分类选择，有利于广大专业技术人员和研究生们学习、模仿比较地道、规
范的英语表达，有利于节约时间，避免费力耗时地造出“蹩脚的” 、甚至“中国式”的英语
表达。
   第三，掌握分类句式用语有利于写作中的多样化表达。把表达相同或相似概念的不同表
达方式集中分类，便于写作中选择、比较，有利于交替使用不同的句型，避免句式单调、用
词单一，实现表达多样。
   再则，掌握分类句式用语也符合科学论文的写作规律。因为常用的句型是写作中客观存
在的，它们的使用已基本上格式化了，而且使用的频率又很高，所以对常用的句式用语进行
科学的分类，是一件有实用意义的工作。
至于怎样分类，这主要是从两个方面考虑。
一是从逻辑思维角度考虑。人们总是首先提出问题，然后分析和解决问题，最后得出结
果或结论。这可以看作是解决问题的一种“模式” 。这种“模式” ，也可作为我们分类选择句
式用语时的指导思想。
   二是从写作程式角度考虑。任何一篇科学论文的写作，大都要：①指出其研究的目的，
②限定其讨论的范围，③说明其理论的依据，④描述其实验的步骤，⑤介绍其工作的方法，
⑥展示其研究的结果，⑦作出科学的评价等。这种基本“程式” ，正是我们分类选择句式用
语的实践依据。
   鉴于上述，我们在本文内对科学论文写作中常用的句式用语进行了分类，并选择了 240
余条例句供参考。
俗语说： “熟读唐诗三百首，不会作诗也会吟” 。我们深信，掌握英语科学论文写作中常
用的句式用语，无疑会有助于科学论文的写作。

二、 “指出目的”的句式用语
1.  主要用场
   指出研究目的句型在英语科学论文中反复出现，这类句型用语比较集中地使用在论文的
摘要、引言、讨论、结论等部分。
指出研究目的的常用表达有： “本文的主要目的……” ， “该项工作主要是关于……” ， “该
项工作的主要目的是……” ， “该项研究的主要目的是……” ， “该项实验主要是为了……”等
等。
1    2.  常用句式
   （1）本文的主要目的是……
      ① The purpose of this paper is…
      ② The primary goal of this research is…
      ③ The intention of this paper is to survey…
      ④ The overa11 objective of this study is…
      ⑤  In this paper,…  was provided (given，i11ustrated)
      ⑥ Our goal has been to provide…
      ⑦  In this paper，we aim at…
⑧  The emphasis of this study lies in…
   （2）该项工作是关于……
   ①  The present work is concerned with the processes underlying…
   ②  The above work deals with the mechanism involved in…
   ③  Our work at present is devoted to the changes occurring in…
   ④  The work we have done bears on the effects produced by…
   ⑤  The work we are doing is closely related to the deliberations described in    ．
   ⑥  Compared with the current research，the previous work was in connection with the
         investigation made by…
⑦  The work presented in this paper focuses on several aspects of the following…
⑧  The authors are now initiating some experimental investigation to establish…
⑨Our studies were performed to determine the amount of…
⑩The problem we have outlined deals largely with the study of…
   （3）该项工作的主要目的是…
      ①  The chief aim of the present work is to investigate the features of …
      ②  The main purpose of our recent work was to examine the properties of…
      ③  The major object of their further work will be research into the nature of…
④  Our work in this direction has been intended to provide some information about…
⑤  The work which is being done now is designed  to  find some solution to the problem
of…
⑥  Work of this kind has been started in order to assess the role of …
⑦  Previous work in this area was initiated in the hope of obtaining data in…
⑧  We did this work hoping to establish…
⑨  The authors undertook the work with a view to show…
⑩  By doing this work we expect(ed) to demonstrate…
⑾  Doing this joint work, we intend(ed) to show…
⑿  The primary objective of our work was to define the reasons for redundant protection
systems and give examples of systems used in  …
⒀  With research of many years, the author’s endeavour is to explain why in…
⒁The above-mentioned work has been performed with a view of …
（4）该项研究的主要目的是 …
①  The chief aim of the present study is to find out…
②  The primary object of this fundamental research will be to reveal the cause of …
③  The main objective of our investigation has been to obtain some knowledge of…
④ The study of  …was made in order to clarify…
2⑤  The above study has been carried out to determine…
⑥ Their(pioneer)studies were intended to elucidate…
⑦  Those earlier investigations are in hopes of providing evidence for…
⑧  We performed this present study in the hope that we might bring to light some
facts about…
⑨  The authors attempted their studies in order that they might…
⑩  We undertook the above study to the end that we might…
⑾  They initiated the present study so that they might…
⑿  Carrying out this study we hope to find out…
⒀  Performing these studies the author intended to reveal…
⒁  With recent research, the author intends to outline the framework of…
（5）该项实验主要是为了
①  We made these experiments in order to show a correlation between…
② The author attempted the set  of  experiment with  a view to demonstrate certain
phenomena…
③ Experiments on…were made in order to measure the amount of…
④ Experiments involving…have been carried out to determine…
⑤  Experiments using this technique are (not )under way test(check) …
⑥ Experiments on…are made to answer the question whether…
⑦  The experiment being made by our research group is aimed at obtaining the result of…
⑧  We have designed such an experiment for the purpose of …

三、 “限定范围”的句式用语
1.  主要用场
限定主题范围的句式用语，在英文科学论文中常出现在“引言”和“讨论”中。限定主
题范围时的常用表达有： “该问题是关于……的研究” ， “该问题在……范围之内（外） ” ， “该
问题涉及到……范围” ， “该问题可进一步推广到……范围”等等。
2.  常用句式
（1）该问题是关于……的研究
①  This problem is concerned (chiefly)with the study of…
②  The problem of  …deals (largely)with the determination of  …
③  The problem they have advanced bears on the elucidation of …
④  The problem to be discussed in this paper is related closely with…
⑤  The  problem described previously was directed  to the example of…, which differs
from…
⑥  The problem under investigation involves some significant agreements and disagreements
in…
（2）这是研究……的问题
①  The problem concerned with the nature of…
②  The problem relating to the influence of…
③  The problem which deals with the role of…
④  The problem which bears on the effect of…
⑤  The problem in connection with…
⑥  The problem as mentioned previously in…
3
（3）该问题在……范围之内（外）
①  The problem is within the scope of …
②  Our problem lies beyond the range of …
③  The problem you have just outlined seems to be outside of the province of…
④  The problem the authors have raised goes off the limits of…
⑤  The problem I have referred to falls within the field of…
⑥  The problem under discussion is not within the scope of…
（4）该项研究涉及到……范围
①  Studies of these effects cover(ed)various aspects of……
② Investigations on…involve(d) also specific situations.
③  Our studies with this technique are confined to one particular aspect.
④  More recent studies by this worker were chiefly concerned with the influence of…
⑤  The research on the conventional techniques explains well the phenomenon of
⑥  The new findings from the experiment agree to the result obtained in…
（5）该研究进一步推广到……范围
①  The authors have extended their studies to some other related species.
②  We hope to expand our investigations to include other materials.
③  The research we have done deserves further studies.
④  The investigation carried out by the experts suggests an increase of the application in …
⑤  The approach under study predicates a wider range of application.

四、 “说明理论”的句式用语
1.  主要用场
   说明有理论根据的句式用语，在英语科学论文中常出现在引言、实验描述及讨论等部分。
说明理论根据时常用表达如下： “该理论是……提出来的” ， “该理论的内容（特点）是……” ；
“根据该理论，可以得出……” ， “该理论认为 ……” ， “应用该理论能（或不能）说明……”
等等。
2.  常用句式
（1）该理论是……提出来的
①  The theory of…was created 50 years ago
②  The alternative theory was constructed in 50’s.
③  The theory of…was developed in the 1930’s…
④  The theory of…was elaborated in the early 70’s.
⑤  The theory of…was formulated as early as 1900.
⑥  The theory of…was advanced as long ago as the 1860’s.
⑦  The theory of…was put forward as far back as 1897.
⑧  The theory of…was proposed last year.
⑨  The theory of…was suggested the year before last year.
（2）该理论的内容（特点）是……
①  Underlying this theory is the idea that…
②  The underlying concept of this theory is…
③  The underlying principle of the theory is as follows…
④  This is an alternative theory that…
4⑤  This is a similar theory to the effect that …
⑥  This is a working theory which is based on the idea that…
⑦  A basic feature of this theory is  …
⑧  The fundamental feature of this theory is as follows.
⑨  The theory is characterized by…
⑩  …prove to be the outstanding features of the theory.
（3）根据该理论，可得出……
①  According to B’s theory both processes occur simultaneously.
②  As follows from the theory by N, such situations lead to…
③  As can be seen from the theory and theory advanced by…such interactions are the basis
of…
④  In the light of the theory ,we have developed a variation method to handle such problems.
⑤  Based on  the theory,  the author has obtained sufficient  information from recent
experiments with…
（4）该理论认为…
①  The kinetic theory holds that…
②  This newly-developed theory maintains that…
③  The theory advanced by…claims that…
④  The theory of  …predicts that…
⑤  The principal concept of the theory lies in…
⑥ The investigating theory…
（5）应用该理论（不）能说明……
①  We can interpret these findings in terms of the above theory.
②  We cannot explain these phenomena using the above theory.
③  We can hardly explain these findings applying this theory.
④  These findings can be interpreted in terms of the above theory.
⑤  Such phenomena cannot be explained on the basis of this theory.
⑥  The theory can (not) apply to other cases of…
⑦  The theory developed by…is valid (invalid)for other species.
⑧  X’s theory proved to be true for all steps of…
⑨  The above theory has been verified by many other authors.
⑩  This very peculiar theory can be applied to a wider range of experiments in  …

五、 “描述实验”的句式用语
1.  主要用场
   描述实验过程的句式用语，顾名思义常用在与实验有关的段落之中。描述实验情况时的
常用表达为“该项实验具体包括……” ， “到……，从未有过该项实验研究” ， “进行该项实验，
以便检验……” ， “该项实验证实（未能证实），……”等等。
2.  常用句式
（1）某项实验（所用设备）包括……
①  The experiment consisted of three steps, which are described in Table 3.
②  The test equipment which was used  consisted of five force-measuring transducers and
two recording instruments furnished by…
③  Included in the experiment were  a  high-  pressure  vessel assembly,  2 UA –3  uranium
5analyzers, and a complete 100*50*50 cm soil bin.
④  All high-pressure hydrogen creep rupture  tests were carried out  in specially designed
high pressure equipment rated at…
⑤  The winch  is composed  of the following main parts: a welded frame, a safety-brake
clutch, a chain drum and a worn reducing gear.
（2）到……，从未有过某方面的实验
①  An experiment of the kind has not been made.
②  The kind of experiment you have in mind has never been carried out until now.
③  The kind of experiment you mentioned would not be undertaken in the near future.
④  So far we have not performed any experiment of this kind.
⑤  Until now the authors have not attempted any field experiments of…
⑥  Researches on the mobility of ions in neutral gases began more than 75 years ago, but
very accurate data obtained through actual experiments have not appeared as yet.
⑦  …However, no direct experimental measurements of this have been reported.
（3）进行该项实验，以检验……
①  We (have)carried out several sets of experiments to test the validity of…
②  They undertook many experiments to support the hypothesis which…
③  We initiated experiments to prove…
④  They have undertaken special experiments to disprove…
⑤  A number of experiments were performed to check…
⑥  Many studies have to be attempted to verify…
⑦  More than one set of experiments must be initiated to substantiate…
（4）某项实验证实（未能证实）……
①  Experiments by M and his associates (have) showed…
②  Recent experiments in this area (have) suggested that…
③  The present series of experiments (have) indicate(d) that…
④  The experiments reported here (have) demonstrate (d)
⑤  These experiments involving…confirm(ed) our evidence that…
⑥  Our experiments with…failed to prove…
⑦ These highly-technical experiments support(ed) our assumption that…
⑧  Our initial experiment confirms that the choice of concept is correct.
⑨  The above-mentioned experiment has proved  the newly –developed  technique is very
reliable.
⑩  This conclusion is also supported by the experiment as has been described previously.

六、 “介绍方法”的句式用语
1.  主要用场
介绍研究（实验）方法的句式用语，在英语科学论文中常见于摘要（资料型摘要）、引
言、实验描述及建议等部分，介绍研究方法时的常用表达如： “该方法首先由……发明（使
用） ” ， “该方法与其他方法有  ……差别” ， “应用该方法可以进行……工作” ， “该方法称
为……” ， “使用该方法已获得……”等。
2.  常用句式
（1）该方法首先由……发明（利用）
①  The method of  …  was first developed by N.
6②  The method of  …  was first applied by B.
③  The method of  …  was first used by A in the early XXth century.
④  The method of  …  was first brought into used by C.
⑤  The method of  …  came into use as long ago as 1920.
⑥  The original proposal of this method was first made and published in 1963.
⑦  The method of making a frequency standard was not invented till the existence of…
（2）该方法与其他方法有……差别
①  The method of  …  does not differ at all the routine one
②  The method of we use differs greatly from the one used earlier.
③  The method they developed is somewhat different from the conventional one.
④  The new technique is quite different from the old one.
⑤  The newly-elaborated technique has something (nothing,  little) in common with the one
previously used.
⑥  The method of deriving a program described here differs from previous practice in that…
（3）应用该方法可以进行……工作
①  The method allows us to demonstrate…
②  This technique enables us to observe…
③  The above procedure makes it possible to defect…
④  This method is capable of providing…
⑤  By the method we are able to investigate the insight of…
⑥  We have adopted the integrated filtering cell approach to miniaturize the prototype.
⑦  The method proves to be useful in…
⑧  The interpretation effects were successfully evaluated by employing AIA.
（4）该方法可称为（描述为）…
①  The method used is known as…
②  The technique we applied is referred to as…
③  The procedure the followed can be briefly described as …
④  The approach adopted extensively is called…
5. Since the method was first put in use, we might as well name it as…
（5）用该方法已获得  ……
①  We have obtained this information from recent experiments with…
②  Detailed information has been acquisited by the authors using X-ray analysis.
③  The researches have recorded valuable data using the newly-developed method.
④  The experts in the research center are satisfactory with the experimental results achieved
by the application of…

七、 “展示结果”的句式用语
1.  主要用场
展示研究结果的句式用语，在英语科学论文中常见于摘要、实验结果、结果与讨论及结
论等部分。展示研究结果时常用的表达有：“该项研究结果说明了……” ， “根据该项研究结
果可以得出……” ， “该项工作提供了……结果” ， “该项实验取得了……结果” ， “……概括了
该项结果”等。
2.  常用句式
（1）该项研究说明（指出、揭示）了……
7①  The studies we have performed show(ed) that these particles are responsible for …
②  These pioneer studies that the authors attempted have indicated marked variations in…
③  We carried out several studies which have demonstrated that the substance acts on …
④  The research we have done suggests an increase in…
⑤  The investigation carried out by…has revealed no resistance of…
⑥  Our research has supported the assumption that…
⑦  Their studies have confirmed the opinion that…
⑧  This research bore out the idea that…
⑨  Laboratory studies of…did not furnish any information about…
⑩  Our research carried out to the same effect failed to reveal any variations in…
⑾  Recent research into the nature of…  fails to support the theory that…
⑿  Most recent studies showed no changes in…
⒀  Further research reveals no evidence of…
⒁  All our preliminary results throw light on the nature of…
（2）根据该项实验结果可得出……
①  More recent experiments  in this area  lead us to conclude that the phenomenon is related
to  …
②  Most recent  experiments to  the same effect have led the  authors to believe that  the
mechanism is out of action.
③  Further experiments in this area have enabled these workers to suggest that…
④  As a result of our experiments, we concluded that…
⑤  From our experiments, the authors came to realize that…
⑥  From these experiments one can conclude that…
（3）该项工作提供了（没有得出）……结果
①  This fruitful work gives explanation of…
②  Their fundamental work provides some knowledge of …
③  The author’s pioneer work has contributed to our present understanding of…
④  This joint work of many years has led to further progress in…
⑤  Our integrated work of the past few years adds to our current concept of…
⑥  The research work has brought about a discovery of…
⑦  The research by workers (has) result(ed) in a solution of…
⑧ Our work on…(has) failed to give…
⑨  Their initial work with…did not result in…
⑩  This initial work with…did not result in…
⑾  Further work in this field failed to contribute to…
⑿  These findings of the research has led the author to a conclusion that…
（4）该项实验（研究）取得（没有取得）……结果
①  Some results of…are obtained in the experiment with…
② Sufficient result for…has been observed with the new method…
③  Further progress can be provided by these experiments…
④  No clear advancement has (so far)been see in…
⑤ No direct outcome was then reported in…
⑥  No such finding could be available in…
⑦  No further result can be found with that technique.
8⑧  No experimental evidence has come to the studies of…
（5）某数据（图、表）总结（概括）了从……得到的……结果
①  Figure 3 shows the results obtained form studies of…
②  Table 5 presents the data provided by the experiments on…
③  This table summarized the data collect during the experiment of …
④  The results reported above have been shown in Figure1.
⑤  Our experimental data briefly summarized as follows.
⑥  Some of the authors’ findings are listed in tables.

八、 “作出评价”的句式用语
1.  主要用场
研究成果评价的句型用语，在英语科学论文中常见于：摘要，讨论及结论等部分。从狭
义上讲，研究成果评价是论文作者对自己所做工作的评价，从广义上讲，这种评价不仅限于
对个人工作的评价，同时也包括作者对别人的评价，提出自己的观点和见解。作出评价时，
肯定和否定是两种最基本的评价。
2.  常用句式和词语
①  The author’s work on…has been very successful
②  Our work involving studies of…did not prove to be encouraging.
③  The new information has been insufficient to indicate that the change is dramatic.
④  On of the assets of this technique is that it is very simple.
⑤  The theory by…seemed quite competent.
⑥  We consider the new idea quite likely a suitable one
⑦  The data available in literature are quite important.
⑧  The newly-developed method has certain advantages over the existing methods.
⑨  The author has satisfactorily come to a conclusion that…
⑩  These highly-technical experiments failed to provide any correlation between…
⑾  The theory of…did not explain how much modifications arose.
⑿  These findings are not consistent with the current theory.
⒀  The above hypothesis seems rather interesting.
⒁  So far there is not enough convincing evidence showing…
⒂  The data obtained appear to be very similar to those reported earlier by…
⒃  There may be a different approach to the above findings
⒄  Our experimental result does not seem to suggest the following assumptions

利用上述句式，表示肯定评价的形容词，如：good, satisfactory, competent, convincing ,
adequate, reliable, correct,  valid,  helpful, fruitful, successful, stimulating, attractive, interesting,
promising, exciting, careful;,  profound,  comprehensive, useful, encouraging, extensive, clear,
sufficient, etc.
表示否定评价的形容词，如：deficient, faulty, inadequate, incomplete, unconvincing,
unsatisfactory,  meaningless, unreliable, incorrect,  wrong, invalid, confusing,  inexplicit,
contradictory, controversial, divergent, puzzling, conflicting, ambiguous, insufficient, etc.
英语科学论文的写作句型用词方面有一定的规律可循。为了避免不必要的重复，有利于
比较地道，规范的英语表达，有助于写作中的多样表述，并遵循科学论文的写作规律，本文
对常用句式用语进行分类选择。根据表达科学研究成果的一般逻辑思维顺序和科学论文的结
9构程式，写作英语科学论文时常用句型用语可作如下分类：①指出研究目的，常用句型用语
54 条；②限定主题范围，常用句型用语 30 条；③说明理论依据，常用句型用语 36 条；④
描述实验过程，常用句型用语 30 条；⑤介绍工作方法，常用句型用语 32 条；⑥展示  研究
结果，常用句型用语 46 条；⑦作出科学评价，常用句型 17 条及 48 个表示肯定或否定的形
容词。实践表明，集中掌握这些常用的型用语，对于写好英语科学论文大有裨益。
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